Conclusion
1. There was Beringian Refugium for white spruce during the last glacial maximum(LGM);
2. Modeling methods and AOGCM can introduce uncertainties of the projections;
3. In general, CCM1 has better performance than GFDL on palaeodistribution reconstruction;
4. White spruce populations from Yukon has the lowest within-region genetic diversity in all measured traits;
5. Different lineages migrated from three glacial refugia (Beringian, two slopes of Appalachian mountains); populations in the eastern part (Quebec and Maritime Provinces) origin from eastern Appalachian.
2. Modeling methods and AOGCM can introduce uncertainties of the projections;
3. In general, CCM1 has better performance than GFDL on palaeodistribution reconstruction;
4. White spruce populations from Yukon has the lowest within-region genetic diversity in all measured traits;
5. Different lineages migrated from three glacial refugia (Beringian, two slopes of Appalachian mountains); populations in the eastern part (Quebec and Maritime Provinces) origin from eastern Appalachian.